Journal: Materials Today Bio

Article Title: Procyanidin capsules attenuate PI3K/AKT-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and accelerate skin wound healing in diabetic mice

doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.103029

Figure Lengend Snippet: Biocompatibility of PC capsules: (A–B) cell viability of HUVECs (A) and NIH/3T3 cells (B) treated with different concentrations of PC capsules for 24 h detected by MTT assay; (C–D) toxic staining of PC capsules on HUVECs and NIH/3T3 cells detected by living/dead cell staining; (E) photos of the backs of mice after receiving a subcutaneous injection of PC capsules and subcutaneous PC capsules after injection at day 4 and day 7; (F) slices of major organs (heart, liver, spleen, lungs, and kidneys) in mice after 14 days of PC capsule administration; scale bar = 100 μm. Serum liver function indicators were: (G) ALT and (H) AST. Serum renal function indicators were: (I) BUN and (J) CRE. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) with n = 3 independent biological replicates per group. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test. Significance markers are defined as: ns (p > 0.05).

Article Snippet: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) (CRL-1730, USA, RRID: CVCL_2959) and NIH/3T3 cells (CRL-1658, USA, RRID: CVCL_0594) used in this study were purchased from American Type Culture Collection.

Techniques: Capsules, MTT Assay, Staining, Injection, Standard Deviation

Journal: Materials Today Bio

Article Title: Procyanidin capsules attenuate PI3K/AKT-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and accelerate skin wound healing in diabetic mice

doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.103029

Figure Lengend Snippet: PC capsules increased cell viability under H 2 O 2 stimulation: cell viability of HUVECs (A) and NIH/3T3 (B) cells treated with different concentrations of H 2 O 2 for 6 h detected by MTT assay; viability of H 2 O 2 ‐treated HUVECs (C) and NIH/3T3 cells (D) with different concentrations of PC capsule pretreatment. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) with n = 3 independent biological replicates per group. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test. Significance markers are defined as: ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) (CRL-1730, USA, RRID: CVCL_2959) and NIH/3T3 cells (CRL-1658, USA, RRID: CVCL_0594) used in this study were purchased from American Type Culture Collection.

Techniques: Capsules, MTT Assay, Standard Deviation

Journal: Materials Today Bio

Article Title: Procyanidin capsules attenuate PI3K/AKT-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and accelerate skin wound healing in diabetic mice

doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.103029

Figure Lengend Snippet: PC capsules restored cell function in H 2 O 2 -treated HUVECs and NIH/3T3 cells. HUVECs and NIH/3T3 cells were treated with PC capsules for 24 h and H 2 O 2 for 6 h. (A) Images of HUVEC migration exposure to H 2 O 2 , NAC, PC capsules after 24 h; (B) quantification of percentage wound area remaining for HUVECs; (C) images of NIH/3T3 cell migration exposure to H 2 O 2 , NAC, PC capsules after 24 h; (D) quantification of percentage wound area remaining for NIH/3T3 cells; (E–F) digital images of endothelial cell microtubule formation after treatment with H 2 O 2 , NAC, and PC capsules. Quantification of (G) number of branch sites, (H) total lengths and (I) numbers of tube nodes. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) with n = 3 independent biological replicates per group. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test. Significance markers are defined as: ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001 (vs. control group); ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001 (vs. H 2 O 2 group).

Article Snippet: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) (CRL-1730, USA, RRID: CVCL_2959) and NIH/3T3 cells (CRL-1658, USA, RRID: CVCL_0594) used in this study were purchased from American Type Culture Collection.

Techniques: Capsules, Cell Function Assay, Migration, Standard Deviation, Control

Journal: Materials Today Bio

Article Title: Procyanidin capsules attenuate PI3K/AKT-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and accelerate skin wound healing in diabetic mice

doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.103029

Figure Lengend Snippet: PC capsules improved mitochondrial function in H 2 O 2 -treated HUVECs and NIH/3T3 cells: (A–D) elimination of ROS from HUVECs (A, C) and NIH/3T3 (B, D) cells by PC capsules as determined by MitoSOX; (E–H) assessment of PC-mediated HUVECs (E, G) and NIH/3T3 cells (F, H) MMP using TMRM assays; (I–J) effects of PC capsules on ATP production in HUVECs (I) and NIH/3T3 cells (J). Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) with n = 3 independent biological replicates per group. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test. Significance markers are defined as: ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001, ####p < 0.0001 (vs. control group); ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001 (vs. H 2 O 2 group).

Article Snippet: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) (CRL-1730, USA, RRID: CVCL_2959) and NIH/3T3 cells (CRL-1658, USA, RRID: CVCL_0594) used in this study were purchased from American Type Culture Collection.

Techniques: Capsules, Standard Deviation, Control

Journal: Materials Today Bio

Article Title: Procyanidin capsules attenuate PI3K/AKT-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and accelerate skin wound healing in diabetic mice

doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.103029

Figure Lengend Snippet: PC capsule–mediated cytoprotection via promoting activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway: expression of p-PI3K, PI3K, p-AKT, and AKT in HUVECs treated with PC capsules for 24 h and presence/absence of H 2 O 2 for 6 h (A); and analysis of optical density values of p-PI3K/PI3K (B) and p-AKT/AKT (C); expression of p-PI3K, PI3K, p-AKT, and AKT in NIH/3T3 cells treated with PC capsules for 24 h and presence/absence of H 2 O 2 for 6 h (D); and analysis of optical density values of p-PI3K/PI3K (E) and p-AKT/AKT (F). Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) with n = 3 independent biological replicates per group. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test. Significance markers are defined as: #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001 (vs control group); ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001 (vs PC group or vs H 2 O 2 group).

Article Snippet: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) (CRL-1730, USA, RRID: CVCL_2959) and NIH/3T3 cells (CRL-1658, USA, RRID: CVCL_0594) used in this study were purchased from American Type Culture Collection.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Expressing, Capsules, Standard Deviation, Control

Journal: Materials Today Bio

Article Title: Procyanidin capsules attenuate PI3K/AKT-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and accelerate skin wound healing in diabetic mice

doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.103029

Figure Lengend Snippet: PC capsules improve HUVEC and NIH/3T3 cell dysfunction by regulating PI3K/AKT signaling. HUVECs and NIH/3T3 cells were treated with PC capsules and LY294002 for 24 h and H 2 O 2 for 6 h. (A) Images of HUVEC migration exposure to H 2 O 2 , LY294002, PC capsules after 24 h; (B) quantification of percentage wound area remaining for HUVECs; (C) images of NIH/3T3 cell migration exposure to H 2 O 2 , LY294002, PC capsules after 24 h; (D) quantification of percentage wound area remaining for NIH/3T3 cells; (E–F) digital images of endothelial cell microtubule formation after treatment with H 2 O 2 , LY294002, and PC capsules. Quantification of (G) number of branch sites, (H) total lengths and (I) numbers of tube nodes (J); and analysis of optical density values of p-PI3K/PI3K (K) and p-AKT/AKT (L); expression of p-PI3K, PI3K, p-AKT, and AKT in NIH/3T3 cells treated with PC capsules, and LY294002 for 24 h and presence/absence of H 2 O 2 for 6 h (M); and analysis of optical density values of p-PI3K/PI3K (N) and p-AKT/AKT (O). Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) with n = 3 independent biological replicates per group. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test. Significance markers are defined as: ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001 (vs. control group); ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001 (vs PC group or vs LY294002 group).

Article Snippet: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) (CRL-1730, USA, RRID: CVCL_2959) and NIH/3T3 cells (CRL-1658, USA, RRID: CVCL_0594) used in this study were purchased from American Type Culture Collection.

Techniques: Capsules, Migration, Expressing, Standard Deviation, Control